Pulmonary Nodules

Pulmonary nodules are typically less than 3 centimeters in size and may develop due to:

• Prior infections or inflammation

• Scar tissue

• Benign growths

• Less commonly, early-stage lung cancer

Many people experience no symptoms at all, which is why nodules are often discovered during imaging done for another reason.

If a pulmonary nodule is detected, your provider will carefully review:

• Size, shape, and location of the nodule

• Your medical history and risk factors

• Smoking history or environmental exposures

Diagnostic tools may include:

• Low-dose CT scans for detailed imaging

• PET scans to assess metabolic activity

• Pulmonary function testing

• Biopsy procedures, when necessary

Our goal is to determine whether a nodule requires monitoring, further testing, or treatment—without unnecessary procedures.

Most pulmonary nodules do not cause symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they are uncommon and may include:

• Persistent cough

• Shortness of breath

• Chest discomfort

• Fatigue

• Coughing up blood (rare)

Symptoms are more likely if a nodule is larger or associated with another lung condition.

Pulmonary nodules are typically found during imaging studies, such as:

• Chest X-rays

• CT scans

If a nodule is identified, additional testing may include:

• Low-dose or high-resolution CT scans

• PET scans

• Pulmonary function tests

• Biopsy procedures, when appropriate

These tests help determine the size, appearance, and behavior of the nodule.

Your pulmonologist evaluates several factors, including:

• Size and shape of the nodule

• Growth over time

• Imaging characteristics

• Personal risk factors such as smoking history or family history

Most nodules are monitored over time to watch for changes before any invasive testing is considered.

Treatment depends on the size, type, and risk profile of the nodule. Options may include:

• Routine monitoring with follow-up imaging

• Short-term imaging surveillance

• Minimally invasive biopsy procedures

• Surgical evaluation, in rare cases

Many pulmonary nodules require no treatment at all.

Not usually. Most pulmonary nodules remain stable and never require removal. Surgery is only considered if there is a strong concern for cancer or if the nodule changes over time.

Some nodules caused by infection or inflammation may shrink or resolve over time. Others remain unchanged and pose no health risk.

You should see a pulmonologist if:

• A pulmonary nodule was found on imaging

• You have risk factors such as smoking history

• You experience new or worsening respiratory symptoms

• Your primary care provider recommends further evaluation